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That's
right, there is no objective morality. People have strong feelings
and convictions that some things are moral and some are immoral. Such
feelings tend to run in the same direction within a given society.
Some such feelings may be universal to members of the human species.
Scientists and philosophers can study such beliefs and find patterns.
But to be objective, a morality isn't just a description of people's
moral beliefs. It is a firm belief on a firm foundation that certain
actions really are right and some are wrong, independent of social
customs and human nature.
In
March of 2007, I wrote in my blog, "But I do have a faith, and a
hope. My faith is that a basic belief like "killing is wrong"
is true and that killing really is wrong and not just some convention
or fluke of my human nature. Like many who have a more ambitious
faith, mine sometimes wavers." But by 2012 my faith had
vanished. When I read this article by Joel Marks, it felt exactly
right to me:
This
was someone else who had reached the same conclusions I had but could
express them far more eloquently. He was also arguably a master of
the field he was rejecting -- a professor of moral philosophy. I have
no such credentials.
In
the debate between theists and atheists, theists will commonly argue
that without God there can be no morality -- no right or wrong, and
anything is permissible. Atheists disagree strongly, and Joel Marks
refers us to the book Louise Antony edited, "Philosophers
Without Gods"
(https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/970578.Philosophers_Without_Gods).
She asserts that "Every
writer in this volume adamantly affirms the objectivity of right and
wrong."
I read the book but their arguments in favor of objective morality
aren't there and must be somewhere else.
Perhaps
one factor is that in an attempt to convince theists that morality
can exist without religion, atheists can quietly maintain faith in
"ought", since theists' belief in God is also based on
faith. In arguing with the amoralist, atheists who believe in
objective morality need to defend their faith in something different
from everything else that exists. I have heard this described as the
"argument from queerness". Objective morality would be a
queer thing.
I
agree with Marks that there really is no need to panic:
"One
interesting discovery has been that there are fewer practical
differences between moralism and amoralism than might have been
expected. It seems to me that what could broadly be called desire has
been the moving force of humanity, no matter how we might have
window-dressed it with moral talk. By desire I do not mean sexual
craving, or even only selfish wanting. I use the term generally to
refer to whatever motivates us, which ranges from selfishness to
altruism and everything in between and at right angles. Mother
Theresa was acting as much from desire as was the Marquis de Sade.
But the sort of desire that now concerns me most is what we would
want if we were absolutely convinced that there is no such thing as
moral right and wrong. I think the most likely answer is: pretty much
the same as what we want now.
"
We
can go on teaching our children about right and wrong. We can
continue to refer to morality in talking with other people. It's just
that it's not an objective morality.
Marks
also refers to Richard Garner's book "Beyond Morality",
where he sets forth the amoralist position in detail. Garner notes
that philosophers have been earnestly debating moral questions for
millenia, but nothing is ever resolved. On practical questions such
as abortion, capital punishment, or animal suffering, it really looks
as if people already have their conclusion in mind and marshal moral
arguments to support it, rather than the other way around. Garner
suggests we would do better if we simply describe what we like and
don't like about the different options, appealing to others who we
hope will be persuaded to the extent they like and dislike the same
things we do.
If
you dig deep, seeking to find the ultimate truth of right and wrong
-- as I think some intelligent young people commonly do -- you will
find nothing. You will find no objective basis of morality. But if
you give up that search, life goes on as before. We all have our
goals, desires, and sense of right and wrong, and we will keep
arguing with each other about them, striving to do what is right as
we see it because that is what we desire.
1 comment:
The idea that we have a human nature which gives rise to an objective morality that is binding on us as humans is one worth considering, but I don't see how it can ever really achieve moral force. It certainly does not put blinders on us so that survival of the human species outweighs any possible cost. Imagine an era of interstellar travel where we discover dozens of other intelligent species, and it seems likely that human greed will drive them to extinction as long as we survive. We can all reasonably entertain the idea that we humans have on obligation to become extinct.
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